Maritime trade and industry contributed over R130 billion to the national economy in 2019. Along its 3000-kilometre coastline, many communities derive livelihoods from fishing practices, either for sub-sistence or for market. These domestic and economic activities could however pose a significant threat to marine ecosystems and resources. Laws and regulations in the marine environment encourage sustain-able maritime practices that mitigate against pollution, overfishing and the loss of marine ecosystems.

Compliance officers develop, implement and manage an organisations compliance program ensuring contractual obligations, government regulations and laws are adhered to when operating within oceans and coasts. They design compliance monitoring plans along with un-dertaking regular audits to ensure company regulations are followed. They also advise on and coordinate the training of staff on operational compliance.

Compliance officers frequently interact with the staff of an organisation as well as fisheries and marine safety officers to ensure compliance. They work mainly in an office environment but can travel to harbour sites to interact with maritime personnel and inspect fishing and other marine vessels.

SKILLS

Compliance officers need a comprehensive knowledge of standards, laws and regulations that govern the marine industry. They will also benefit from:

• knowledge of industry processes and risk management
• excellent analytical and critical thinking ability
• strong problem-solving skills
• good verbal and written communication

TASKS

• facilitate the development and maintenance of compliance risk management processes
• examine facilities to ensure accessibility and safety
• lead internal audits of procedures and update policies when needed
• advise and train staff and crew on how best to ensure compliance

STUDIES

• B.Com., B.Com. (Hons), M.Com. in Law at all universities
• LLB., LLM. specialising in Legal Compliance at all universities

EMPLOYERS

• National, provincial and local government.
• NGOs and private consultancies.
• Commercial and private shipping companies.

In South Africa, approximately 312 million kilograms of fish are con-sumed each year through formal markets supplied by commercial fisheries. Additionally, many coastal communities fish for subsistence and recreationally for domestic consumption. Increasing consumer demand, pollution and impacts of climate change threaten both fish stocks and the marine ecosystems that sustain them. Sustainable fishing practices can secure the integrity and quality of South Africa’s marine and coastal ecosystems.

Fisheries officers inspect fishing vessels, gear, licenses, permits and catches to ensure compliance with fisheries laws and regulations. They check fish quantities and size sold in markets and processing plants and enforce regulations for juvenile and spawning fish. Some are also involved in fish stock recovery operations for species at risk of decline or that are endangered. Fisheries officers further provide advice on sustainable fishing practices.

Fisheries officers work closely with national environmental and law enforcement protection agencies in surveillance and enforcement. They sometimes work in harsh physical and sometimes even hostile environments. They can work aboard fishing vessels for long periods, returning to an office environment to report on fishing activities.

SKILLS

Fisheries officers need to have a sound knowledge of fish species and a comprehensive understanding of the laws and regulations that govern the fishing industry, coupled with:

• high level of attention to detail
• physical stamina
• good interpersonal skills
• strong verbal and written communication competence

TASKS

• identify and classify the biological and environmental characteristics of marine and estuarine fish species
• enforce compliance of fishing regulations and laws
• communicate and advise external bodies, stakeholders and the public

STUDIES

• B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. in Ichthyology and Fisheries Science at RU
• B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. in Marine Biology at UCT and UKZN
• B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. in Biological Sciences specialising in Botany or Zoology at all universities
• Diploma and Advanced Diploma in Marine Science at CPUT

EMPLOYERS

• National, provincial and local government in coastal areas.
• NGOs, community-based and development organisations and private consultancies.

Fish stocks and marine ecosystems are increasingly threatened by growing consumer demand and the impacts of climate change and ex-tensive pollution, particularly plastics. Information about these changes in the marine environment is needed to inform creative responses to ensure the integrity of marine ecosystems, including fish resources and responsible and sustainable fishing practices. Fisheries science studies the life history and state of fish stocks.

Fisheries scientists monitor, sample and evaluate fish species and implement projects to evaluate the habitats and behaviours of fish species. They develop plans for hatchery management and monitor and maintain relevant fish inventories. They can conduct educational programmes with local fishing communities and make inputs into policy to ensure that fishing laws and regulations are followed to maintain sustainable fish populations.

Fisheries scientists can work with fish in both freshwater and ocean environments undertaking research. They can work with various stake-holders, including local communities as well as water quality scientists and marine biologists, for example.

SKILLS

Fisheries scientists must have a passion for fish and marine life and a comprehensive knowledge of laws and regulations guiding the fishing industry. They will also benefit from:

• astute observation and fieldwork ability
• extensive research competence
• creative problem-solving skills
• strong verbal and written communication and presentation skills

TASKS

• design and implement research and conservation projects
• conduct field examinations, collecting and analysing biological data
• develop and conduct educational programmes
• advise on the development and implementation of policy and rehabilitation programmes

STUDIES

• B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. in Ichthyology and Fisheries Science at RU
• B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. in Biological Sciences specialising in Botany or Zoology at all universities
• Diploma, Advanced Diploma, M.Tech in Oceanography at CPUT
• Diploma and Advanced Diploma in Nautical or Marine Studies at CPUT and DUT.

EMPLOYERS

• National, provincial and local government.
• Fisheries industry.
• NGOs, community-based and development organisations and private consultancies.
• Research institutions.

The South African fishing industry contributes 3.2% to the national economy and relies on a flourishing and sustainable marine environ-ment. Fishing hands play a key role in fishing operations of commercial concerns and could make a key contribution to ensuring sustainable fishing practices.

Fishing hands catch fish and shellfish using nets, pots, lines and traps. They perform everyday tasks of baiting, setting lines or traps, hauling and sorting catch. They also maintain fishing vessels and gear and are responsible for securing and removing mooring lines when vessels dock or leave harbours.

Fishing hands work in deep waters on commercial ships or trawlers, often for weeks at a time with large crews. They could also work in shal-low waters on smaller fishing boats making short day runs with only a few crew members. Regularity of work and income is highly dependent on weather conditions and the ability of vessels to go out to sea.

SKILLS

Fishing hands must have physical strength and stamina, given the na-ture of the job and will additionally benefit from:

• machine and mechanical operating capability
• endurance to withstand difficult work conditions
• foundational measuring and mathematical ability
• strong team player

TASKS

• operate fishing gear to catch fish and shellfish
• prepare and maintain nets, lines and fishing tackle and other deck equipment, surfaces and the fish hold
• clean, sort and pack seafood in ice and salt and stow catch in the hold
• handle the mooring lines of the fishing vessel when entering and exiting the harbour

STUDIES

• Fishing hands can benefit from a General Education and Training or Further Education and Training Certificate or a General Certificate in Transport (Fishing) at National Qualifications Framework Level 1 offered at the National Occupation Safety Association, SA Maritime School and Training Force. Training could also take place on the job with mentoring by experienced crew.

EMPLOYERS

• Commercial and small-scale fishing companies.
• Private charter fishing companies.

Marine biologists study the anatomy, physiology, functions, character-istics, behaviour and environments of all forms of life living in the sea and connected water bodies. They work directly with marine species, focussing on care and rehabilitation and also might focus on studying and analysing changes, reasons and ways to minimise impact on the marine environment.

Marine biologists primarily perform fieldwork in estuaries, along the coastline and in the ocean, observing, collecting, and analysing marine data. They also work in an office environment at times and sometimes also conduct studies in aquariums or laboratories.

SKILLS

Marine biologists require an extensive knowledge of the marine environment, including marine species, and will additionally benefit from:

• analytical and logical problem-solving ability
• ability to conduct extensive and complex fieldwork and research
• knowledge of related policy and legislation
• understand socio-economic dynamics with the marine environment

TASKS

• study the behaviour, genetics, origins and diseases of marine flora and fauna
• assess ecological effects and changes in the marine environment
• investigate physical conditions such as salinity, temperature, acidity, light and oxygen content of ocean water
• conserve and rehabilitate marine environments and species

STUDIES

• B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. in Marine Biology at UCT and UKZN
• B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. in Biological Sciences specialising in Botany or Zoology at all universities
• Diploma, Advanced Diploma, M.Tech in Oceanography at CPUT

EMPLOYERS

• National, provincial and local government in coastal provinces.
• NGOs, community-based and development organisations and private consultancies.
• Research institutions.
• Aquariums, museums and zoos.

South Africa’s marine environment is rich in biodiversity, with over 10 000 recorded marine plant and animal species and over 150 distinct ecosystem types with habitats ranging from cool-water kelp forests to subtropical coral reefs. However, overfishing, unsustainable fishing practices and pollution exacerbated by the effects of climate change, threaten these ecological systems and their capacity to support liveli-hoods. Investigation of marine habitats, populations and interactions within marine ecosystems assists us in rehabilitation and sustainability actions within the marine environment.

Marine ecologists research marine ecosystems, focusing on the interactions of organisms within their surrounding environment. They study the biochemical, cellular, individual and community characteristics of marine organisms and their connection to the ecosystem and biosphere. They also observe, collect and test samples from marine ecosystems to identify conservation opportunities and challenges. Some can also develop environmental education programmes to build ecological knowledge in local communities.

Marine ecologists can work within open, deep-sea or coastal marine ecosystems and may work underwater using scuba diving gear. They can analyse collected data in laboratories, returning to an office envi-ronment to write up reports and findings.

SKILLS

Marine ecologists require an extensive knowledge of marine biodiver-sity and ecosystems and will further benefit from:

• strong methodological ability in the field and laboratory
• extensive research capability
• critical analytical thinking and problem-solving ability
• ability to develop and interpret mathematical modelling

TASKS

• conduct field, laboratory and theoretical research
• provide models and analysis to establish influencing factors on the marine ecosystem
• develop conservation strategies and projects for ecosystems under threat
• advise stakeholders and publish findings for sustainable ecosystem management

STUDIES

• B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. in Marine Biology at UCT and UKZN
• B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. in Biological Sciences specialising in Botany or Zoology at all universities
• Diploma, Advanced Diploma, M.Tech in Oceanography at CPUT

EMPLOYERS

• National, provincial and local government.
• NGOs and private consultancies.
• Research institutions.
• Aquariums, museums and zoos.

South Africa has a lucrative trade industry with 96% of imports and exports transported by sea through its eight major ports. The marine transport and manufacturing economic sectors contribute around R56 billion to the economy annually, indicating its significance in sustaining a broad spectrum of jobs. These maritime operations rely on the efficient and effective functioning of vessels which ideally have a minimal impact on the marine environment and associated biodiversity and ecosystems.

Marine engineers design, develop, construct and install new equipment for marine vessels. They create blueprints and design engines, propulsion systems and power supply systems, test prototypes and supervise the construction of ships to ensure equipment and machinery follows required standards. They conduct performance, operational and environmental tests and perform inspections of machinery and equipment. Some can build and operate offshore oil and gas platforms, rigs, pipelines and equipment.

Marine engineers can work as part of a ship crew or independently. They can work at a shipyard, in an office, on a ship, at a port or underwater. They may be at sea for months at a time and are exposed to dangerous conditions that require safety training and protective clothing.

SKILLS

Marine engineers require a comprehensive knowledge of engineering principles, an extensive knowledge of maritime engineering and associated regulations, processes and challenges, coupled with:

• ability to apply engineering science and design
• extensive logical and analytical thinking
• excellent problem-solving capability
• good verbal and written communication and presentation skills

TASKS

• design, develop, construct and maintain marine vessels
• oversee and inspect installations, engines, instruments and other systems
• establish control standards and safety procedures
• ensure equipment, operations and maintenance comply with design specifications

STUDIES

• B.Sc.Eng. in Mechanical Engineering at UCT, UKZN and Wits
• B.Eng. in Mechanical Engineering at NWU, SU, UJ and UP
• Diploma and Advanced Diploma in Mechanical Engineering at CPUT, CUT, DUT, MUT, TUT, UNISA, VUT and WSU

EMPLOYERS

• Military services.
• Large and small marine vessel manufactures.
• Public and private shipping companies.
• Private consultancies.

The South African coastline is advantageously positioned along some of the world’s most important sea trading routes that are used to transport over 96% of the country’s imports and exports. An important consideration and responsibility is ensuring the safe and responsible operation of seafaring vessels and the health and safety of all mariners during these operations.

Marine safety officers inspect all parts of a vessel to ensure compli-ance with health and safety standards and regulations. They check the functionality, availability and supply of firefighting and lifesaving devices and equipment. They often train operating crew on safety procedures and drills and conduct interviews to evaluate whether cor-rect procedures are followed in the case of emergencies. They further inspect for potential environmental hazards.

Marine safety officers work on board boats and shipping vessels with crew members as part of a team. They can work in dangerous environ-ments, demanding long working hours.

SKILLS

Marine safety officers need to have a very good understanding of the maritime standards, rules and regulations that govern occupational health and safety on board shipping vessels. They will further benefit from:

• creative problem-solving ability
• safety conscious and be able to stay calm in emergencies
• strong organisational competence
• excellent interpersonal and communication skills

TASKS

• inspect processing, transport, handling and storage areas on vessels
• advise all crew members on the rules and regulations of the occupational health and safety on the ship
• inspect all safety components, addressing default or missing equip-ment
• investigate and report on emergency cases, accidents or incidents

STUDIES

• Diploma and Advanced Diploma in Nautical or Marine Studies at CPUT and DUT
• Marine safety officers can also benefit from a Certificate in Ship Safety offered at Grindrod Shipping and Training Academy, Project Maritime Training and Sea Safety Training Group.

EMPLOYERS

• Commercial and small-scale fishing companies.
• Private charter fishing companies.

South Africa has extensive marine biodiversity with over 10 000 marine species within 150 diverse ecosystems. The oceans economy also contributes 4.2% to the country’s economy and the marine environment is key in supporting coastal livelihoods. Threats of overfishing, pollution and the effects of intensifying climate change impact marine resources and the overall functioning of the marine environment. Understanding marine systems, interactions with and within it and threats and opportunities is key to safeguarding the health of the marine environment and associated biodiversity.

Marine scientists research the oceans and coasts and interactions between organisms, sea floors, coastal areas and the atmosphere. Some research interactions between the marine environment and communities who rely on this resource for livelihoods. They study varied aspects of marine systems, collect samples and make observations to analyse and predict changes to oceans and coastal infrastructure. They can use this information to advise on maritime policies and legislation and develop environmental protection and conservation projects.

Marine scientists engage with climate change scientists, marine engi-neers, other natural science professionals and coastal communities. They work between an office, laboratory and ocean and coastal sites where research can be done over weeks or months at a time.

SKILLS

A comprehensive and extensive knowledge of the marine environment, and an understanding of the social and economic interactions within and surrounding it, is needed by marine scientists, along with:

• ability to conduct extensive and complex fieldwork and research
• analytical and logical problem-solving ability
• mathematical modelling and mapping ability
• understanding of maritime policy and legislation

TASKS

• plan and undertake laboratory and field-based research
• record, analyse and interpret data from biological and physical processes
• report on and present research findings
• advise on and make input into maritime policies

STUDIES

• B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. in Marine Biology at UCT and UKZN
• B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. in Biological Sciences specialising in Botany or Zoology at all universities Diploma, Advanced Diploma
• Diploma, Advanced Diploma, M.Tech in Oceanography at CPUT

EMPLOYERS

• National, provincial and local government.
• NGOs, community-based and development organisations and private consultancies.
• Research institutions.
• Engineering companies.

South Africa’s oceans and coasts are dynamic environments shaped by wind, water density and tides that regulate climate, absorb carbon and cycle nutrients for marine ecosystems. These systems are constantly in a state of flux due to variations in climate, which in turn shapes marine biodiversity and ecosystems. Understanding the properties and inter-related nature of oceans and coastal systems support decision-makers in managing oceans and coastal environments that support global and local economies and livelihoods.

Oceanographers study the physical, chemical and biological properties of the ocean. They investigate the interactions between the sea and air to establish its influences on weather and climate patterns. They also examine the processes involved in the formation of the seafloor and coastline, forecasting potential changes and its causes. Some also investigate the chemical composition of seawater, determining the quality of water and its impacts on marine environments.

Oceanographers periodically work aboard research ships or boats observing and collecting data, returning to a laboratory and office environment to perform tests and report their findings. Due to the nature of their work, they can be out at sea for days, weeks or even months at a time.

SKILLS

Oceanographers need a thorough knowledge of marine systems and practical experience with digital mapping, remote sensing and com-puter modelling. They will also benefit from:

• strong research and laboratory competence
• ability to logically analyse large data sets
• excellent physical fitness, for diving and long periods at sea
• good verbal and written communication and presentation skills

TASKS

• perform research and plan marine expeditions
• analyse and interpret data from samples, measurements and remote sensing aids
• perform simulations of oceanographic phenomena
• report on and publish findings in academic journals and books

STUDIES

• B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. in Oceanography at UCT
• B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. in Marine Biology at UCT and UKZN.
• B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. in Biological Sciences specialising in Botany or Zoology at all universities
• Diploma, Advanced Diploma, M.Tech in Oceanography at CPUT

EMPLOYERS

• National, provincial and local government.
• NGOs, community-based and development organisations and private consultancies.
• Research institutions.
• Museums.
• Offshore mining companies.

More than 96% of South Africa’s imports and exports is transported by sea. Well positioned along some of the world’s most important sea trading routes and with access to eight commercial ports, South Africa’s shipping industry is a key contributor to the economy, economic growth and trade development. The efficient and safe operation of shipping vessels is vital to maintaining health and safety of seafaring staff as well as managing impacts on the marine environment.

Ship’s masters control and manage the operation of ships and other marine vessels. They navigate marine vessels through challenging ports and narrow waterways, as well as make voyage plans and consult weather forecasts to ensure the safest journey to a destination. They recruit and supervise ship crew, making sure they abide by all maritime law regulations and safety procedures. They also do regular checks of equipment and inventory and oversee all required maintenance and repairs.

Ship’s masters can work at sea for many days and months at a time, exposed to harsh weather conditions. They mainly work in the control station cabin of large shipping vessels but do regular patrols of the vessel and participate in deck and bridge watch activities.

SKILLS

Ship’s masters require practical experience in the operation and control of marine vessels under varied conditions and a comprehensive under-standing of maritime law and safety regulations, along with:

• excellent navigation skills
• geographical understanding of domestic and international waters
• strong planning and organisational competence
• excellent communication and interpersonal skills

TASKS

• control and direct marine vessels during berthing and mooring
• navigate the vessels course, recording route alteration and daily occurrences
• mnage and maintain operational expenditure and budgets
• coordinate cargo loading and discharge operations

STUDIES

• Diploma and Advanced Diploma in Nautical or Maritime Studies at CPUT and DUT
• Ship’s masters can also benefit from a Certificate in Vessel Commander or Ships Master accredited by the South African Maritime Safety Authority offered at Sea Safety Training Group, South African Maritime School and Transport College and South African Maritime Training Academy.

EMPLOYERS

• Shipping companies.
• Ferry and charter companies.
• Cruise ship companies.
• Military and defence force.